Jul 01 22:40:44 <--CLASS STARTED--> Jul 01 22:40:57 * kushal has changed the topic to: Welcome to Linux User's Group of Durgapur | Mailing list at http://lists.dgplug.org/listinfo.cgi/users-dgplug.org | Old classes http://www.dgplug.org/irclogs/ | DOWNLOAD THIS http://www.shakthimaan.com/downloads/glv/presentations/i-want-2-do-project-tell-me-wat-2-do.pdf | 10:30pm rishi on shell commands (POSTPONED TO TOMORROW) Now FHS -- Kushal from 10:40pm | Download http://www.pathname.com/fhs/pub/fhs-2.3.pdf | <--CLASS STARTED --> Jul 01 22:41:01 Roll call Jul 01 22:41:08 amrita mukherjee Jul 01 22:41:12 * ecntrk_ (n=root@117.194.1.27) has joined #dgplug Jul 01 22:41:13 arpita kapoor Jul 01 22:41:17 Neeraj Kumar Jul 01 22:41:24 Debmalya Sinha Jul 01 22:41:30 * Soumya (n=Soumya@117.192.5.26) has joined #dgplug Jul 01 22:41:34 Aritra Bose Jul 01 22:41:47 ria das Jul 01 22:41:48 subhodip biswas Jul 01 22:42:00 Subhodip_, !! Jul 01 22:42:04 kishan goyal Jul 01 22:42:05 deepak kumar Jul 01 22:42:07 pramit roychowdhury Jul 01 22:42:12 Atanu Bera Jul 01 22:42:29 kushal, just wanted to attend a class Jul 01 22:42:30 chikan banerjee Jul 01 22:42:32 debashree banerjee Jul 01 22:42:34 Subhodip_, :) Jul 01 22:42:43 Pushkal Srivastava Jul 01 22:43:16 ok, tonight we are doing to discuss about FHS -- Filesystem Hierarchy Standard Jul 01 22:43:32 many times you saw your Linux system's folders Jul 01 22:43:43 they look different than Windows systems Jul 01 22:44:16 Our tonight's discussion will help you to understand this structure Jul 01 22:44:30 please type ! when you feel to ask anything Jul 01 22:44:35 so Jul 01 22:44:44 * Subhodip has quit (Read error: 110 (Connection timed out)) Jul 01 22:44:49 The main directory is / Jul 01 22:44:56 kushal: i missed the roll call Jul 01 22:45:05 Satya komaragiri Jul 01 22:45:16 which we call "root directory" or root folder Jul 01 22:45:25 or root filesystem Jul 01 22:45:45 This is the main part of the file sytem Jul 01 22:45:47 * rtnpro (n=rtnpro@121.241.211.243) has joined #dgplug Jul 01 22:45:49 * system Jul 01 22:46:01 We need that for booting the system Jul 01 22:46:49 sometimes for changing or reconfiguring the system Jul 01 22:46:58 everyone please open a terminal Jul 01 22:47:08 now do cd / Jul 01 22:47:09 * techno_freak has quit ("Leaving") Jul 01 22:47:22 and see what is there ? Jul 01 22:48:05 you will find some folders there Jul 01 22:48:10 Ratnadeep Jul 01 22:48:23 Ratnadeep Debnath Jul 01 22:48:36 Now we are going through these folders to know more about them Jul 01 22:48:48 first is /bin Jul 01 22:49:02 ! Jul 01 22:49:09 This folder contains all commands to be used by all users Jul 01 22:49:11 ria, yes Jul 01 22:49:18 kushal, you did not say to ls Jul 01 22:49:28 and said you will see some folders thre Jul 01 22:49:33 *there Jul 01 22:49:42 ria, please scroll back and see what I wrote Jul 01 22:49:43 you just said cd / Jul 01 22:49:56 ! Jul 01 22:49:58 kushal, i still dont find Jul 01 22:50:04 ! Jul 01 22:50:07 ria, please read what I wrote and then speak Jul 01 22:50:15 susenj, yes please Jul 01 22:50:17 is there a space between cd &/? Jul 01 22:50:20 now do cd / Jul 01 22:50:31 ria, and see what is there ? Jul 01 22:50:33 * techno_freak has quit ("Leaving") Jul 01 22:50:33 and see what is there ? Jul 01 22:50:33 you will find some folders there Jul 01 22:50:46 ria, DON"T FOLLD THE CHANNEL Jul 01 22:50:53 FLOOD Jul 01 22:51:08 susenj, you learned the cd command last day Jul 01 22:51:16 susenj, use your brain Jul 01 22:51:32 * rangeen (i=sherry@220.226.76.24) has joined #dgplug Jul 01 22:51:37 ! Jul 01 22:51:42 ria, and btw, we are not doing spoon feeding to the kids here Jul 01 22:51:48 aritra, yes Jul 01 22:51:50 [aritra@desktop ~]$ cd / Jul 01 22:51:50 [aritra@desktop /]$ Jul 01 22:51:58 yes ? Jul 01 22:52:08 aritra, what is your question ? Jul 01 22:52:09 am getting this Jul 01 22:52:13 aritra, yes Jul 01 22:52:21 kushal, i'm in. sorry for interruption. carry on. Jul 01 22:52:30 you said about folders, Jul 01 22:52:36 aritra, then i asked you to see what is there in there Jul 01 22:52:39 I am getting the same thing as aritra Jul 01 22:52:46 am not getting those? Jul 01 22:52:46 aritra, aritra, yes, USE YOUR BRAIN Jul 01 22:52:58 * amrita_ (n=amrita@117.201.97.97) has joined #dgplug Jul 01 22:52:58 aritra, have you tried? I can not see that Jul 01 22:53:09 ecntrk_, yes Jul 01 22:53:11 you told to do cd / again? I got into bin and then again returned into root... Jul 01 22:53:14 kushal, i dont see folders by just doing cd / Jul 01 22:53:15 kushal, someone even pmed me and said cant see folders Jul 01 22:53:16 sorry to interrupt Jul 01 22:53:18 Jul 01 22:53:30 kushal, but many did not understand Jul 01 22:53:31 [aritra@desktop /]$ ls Jul 01 22:53:31 bin dev home lost+found misc net proc sbin srv tmp var Jul 01 22:53:31 boot etc lib media mnt opt root selinux sys usr Jul 01 22:53:32 sorry again Jul 01 22:53:32 ria, aritra aritra USE YOUR BRAIN Jul 01 22:53:33 I also cannot see any folders Jul 01 22:53:45 kushal, i know that Jul 01 22:53:51 aritra, don't FLOOD Jul 01 22:53:51 kushal, am i right now? Jul 01 22:54:00 kushal, i am saying for others Jul 01 22:54:05 ria, so either SHUT UP or leave Jul 01 22:54:06 ! Stop guys Jul 01 22:54:14 ria, let others speak , they have IRC Jul 01 22:54:15 Kishan_, that is obtained on doing ls...means these are the files inside directory cd??? Jul 01 22:54:19 ! Jul 01 22:54:23 [root@debmalya ~]# cd / Jul 01 22:54:24 [root@debmalya /]# ls Jul 01 22:54:24 bin dev home lost+found mnt proc sbin srv tmp var Jul 01 22:54:24 boot etc lib media opt root selinux sys usr Jul 01 22:54:24 [root@debmalya /]# cd bin Jul 01 22:54:24 [root@debmalya bin]# c Jul 01 22:54:30 ecntrk_, DON"T FLOOD Jul 01 22:54:36 * amrita has quit (Nick collision from services.) Jul 01 22:54:40 sorry kushal.. Jul 01 22:54:42 * amrita_ is now known as amrita Jul 01 22:54:56 kushal, , that is obtained on doing ls...means these are the files inside directory cd??? Jul 01 22:55:03 aritra, No Jul 01 22:55:22 aritra, do a man cd, and read the document Jul 01 22:55:28 aritra, sorry Jul 01 22:55:31 arpita, ^^^^ Jul 01 22:55:47 arpita, when you do "cd /" what is the folder name there Jul 01 22:55:48 ? Jul 01 22:56:28 amrita, inside bin i have done cd / Jul 01 22:56:42 kushal, inside bin i have done cd / Jul 01 22:57:16 arpita, wherever , but when you do a "cd /" which folder you are supposed to be in ? Jul 01 22:57:21 after the command ? Jul 01 22:57:47 * makghosh_ (n=Joy@117.201.97.205) has joined #dgplug Jul 01 22:57:53 aritra, did you attend the class on cd command ? Jul 01 22:58:00 kushal, in root?? Jul 01 22:58:08 aritra, yes, root == / Jul 01 22:58:13 arpita, ^^ Jul 01 22:58:19 kushal, home? Jul 01 22:58:28 no root Jul 01 22:58:46 arpita, so after that when do a 'ls' , ls is showing files in which directory ? Jul 01 22:59:00 kushal, root Jul 01 22:59:21 arpita, so all these folders are in which directory ? Jul 01 22:59:51 kushal, root directory Jul 01 22:59:54 cool Jul 01 22:59:59 any more question ? Jul 01 23:00:21 ok moving ahead Jul 01 23:00:32 so let us move into folder /bin Jul 01 23:00:40 and see what files are ther Jul 01 23:00:41 there Jul 01 23:01:33 these are commands which all users in the system will require Jul 01 23:01:44 like cat , ls Jul 01 23:01:49 mv rm Jul 01 23:02:23 next folder is /boot Jul 01 23:03:00 inside it everything is required by the boot process Jul 01 23:03:06 * a (n=a@117.201.97.137) has joined #dgplug Jul 01 23:03:13 it also includes some configuration files Jul 01 23:03:21 a, may we know your full name ? Jul 01 23:04:34 any questions ? Jul 01 23:04:43 * kushal gives channel operator status to tuxmaniac Jul 01 23:04:47 * kushal gives channel operator status to Soumya Jul 01 23:05:03 ! Jul 01 23:05:10 arpita, yes please Jul 01 23:05:18 * kushal has kicked a from #dgplug (kushal) Jul 01 23:05:37 kushal, this means root and all folders in root have same configuration files?? Jul 01 23:05:37 * rtnpro has quit (Read error: 104 (Connection reset by peer)) Jul 01 23:06:22 aritra, when I said configuration files, I mean files required for applications like GRUB which we need for booting the system Jul 01 23:06:32 ! Jul 01 23:06:45 susenj, yes please Jul 01 23:06:47 if any of these config. files lost,the booting process will fail?? Jul 01 23:07:09 ! Jul 01 23:07:25 susenj, yes Jul 01 23:07:47 ecntrk_, yes please Jul 01 23:08:06 susenj, so, don't touch there unless you know very specific what you are doing Jul 01 23:08:08 in my terminal... Lost+found folder is in opposite order than the other two... Jul 01 23:08:18 kushal:-> where are the config files for HAL Jul 01 23:08:27 ok,kushal Jul 01 23:08:30 rangeen, google.com Jul 01 23:08:44 ecntrk_, yes , we will talk about it lated Jul 01 23:08:53 ! Jul 01 23:09:02 ecntrk_, btw, what do you mean by opposite order ? Jul 01 23:09:06 deepak, yes please Jul 01 23:09:33 config-2.6.25-14.fc9.i686 lost+found Jul 01 23:09:33 efi System.map-2.6.25-14.fc9.i686 Jul 01 23:09:33 grub vmlinuz-2.6.25-14.fc9.i686 Jul 01 23:09:39 * amrita has quit ("Leaving") Jul 01 23:09:46 I mean ... you can see kushalda.. Jul 01 23:09:47 * amrita (n=amrita@117.201.97.97) has joined #dgplug Jul 01 23:09:53 kushal:when we do 'ls' then we files and folders in different colours Jul 01 23:10:02 ecntrk_, do you ever heard the site "http://rafb.net/paste" ? Jul 01 23:10:09 kushal:when we do 'ls' then we see files and folders in different colours Jul 01 23:10:09 the description and filenames are in opposite order.. Jul 01 23:10:12 Jul 01 23:10:22 deepak, yes Jul 01 23:10:36 ecntrk_, no description , all of them are files or folders Jul 01 23:10:48 kushal:please tell me about the colour coding standard used by linux Jul 01 23:10:54 ok... Jul 01 23:10:56 ecntrk_, do a ls -l Jul 01 23:11:04 deepak, is that a part of FHS ? Jul 01 23:11:14 yah.. I'll.. Jul 01 23:11:26 next Jul 01 23:11:38 /dev Jul 01 23:11:43 a very special folder Jul 01 23:12:00 all devices in your system can be found there Jul 01 23:12:37 as you heard before , all devices stay there as files only Jul 01 23:13:03 so you can see your dvd drive as a file called "dvd" Jul 01 23:13:04 * Debashree_ (n=Debashre@61.2.164.16) has joined #dgplug Jul 01 23:13:24 ! Jul 01 23:13:38 hard disk as sda. sda1 sda2 sda3 are like different partitions Jul 01 23:13:41 * Subhodip_ has quit ("Angry eleeeeeeephaaaaaaaaaant") Jul 01 23:13:43 PraMS, yes please Jul 01 23:13:50 ! Jul 01 23:13:56 ! Jul 01 23:13:58 * Subhodip (n=Subhodip@125.20.11.34) has joined #dgplug Jul 01 23:14:00 devices mean device driver? Jul 01 23:14:10 PraMS, no, device == Device Jul 01 23:14:23 PraMS, the hardware devices Jul 01 23:14:39 ok Jul 01 23:14:45 PraMS, your linux OS can see them as device files in that folder Jul 01 23:14:55 aritra, yes Jul 01 23:14:58 * Debashree has quit (Nick collision from services.) Jul 01 23:15:05 ! Jul 01 23:15:23 oops Jul 01 23:15:25 arpita, yes Jul 01 23:16:14 * Debashree_ is now known as Debashree Jul 01 23:16:27 ria, yes Jul 01 23:16:32 kushal, i can see the same files as were visible in /bin or in /boot...no dvd file visible Jul 01 23:16:48 arpita, i am talking about /dev Jul 01 23:16:49 kushal, what is actually meant by devices? Jul 01 23:17:12 kushal, hard devices? Jul 01 23:17:12 ria, hardware devices, like your hard disk, DVD writer , ram, Jul 01 23:17:26 Kishan_, yes inside /dev i can see same files as in /boot Jul 01 23:17:26 ecntrk_, yes Jul 01 23:17:37 why there is s many rams? Jul 01 23:17:41 kushal, yes inside /dev i can see same files as in /boot Jul 01 23:17:44 ram 0 , ram 1.... Jul 01 23:17:48 aritra, how ? Jul 01 23:17:50 ram31. Jul 01 23:17:55 kushal, what information about ram does it have? Jul 01 23:17:59 Jul 01 23:18:13 same as ria.. Jul 01 23:18:17 ria, not information , but the actual device it self Jul 01 23:18:38 ! Jul 01 23:18:47 kushal, what does that mean? Jul 01 23:18:51 Jul 01 23:18:57 ria, so it is like you want to read something from your harddisk, you can read it from /dev/sda Jul 01 23:19:10 kushal, that i know Jul 01 23:19:17 kushal, on doing cd dev and then doing ls i can see the device files Jul 01 23:19:17 ria, means using those files you can access the hardware Jul 01 23:19:20 kushal, i am talking about ram Jul 01 23:19:22 ! Jul 01 23:19:30 arpita, ok Jul 01 23:19:36 kushal, i know about the /dev/sda part Jul 01 23:19:46 ria, same as hard disk that is yor ram, Jul 01 23:19:46 kushal, but the ram part is not clear Jul 01 23:20:00 ria, so the kernel is accessing those devices as required Jul 01 23:20:10 but whay there are soo many rams? ram0, ram1.. Jul 01 23:20:10 in /dev/sda we see files and folders Jul 01 23:20:28 but in ram? Jul 01 23:20:37 *why *so Jul 01 23:20:41 Jul 01 23:20:47 * rangeen_ (i=sherry@220.226.39.14) has joined #dgplug Jul 01 23:20:56 ecntrk_, there is something call RAMFS , a file structure for ram Jul 01 23:21:06 ! Jul 01 23:21:07 ecntrk_, that is why you can see so many rams Jul 01 23:21:19 ecntrk_, which is beyond our current scope Jul 01 23:21:24 PraMS, yes Jul 01 23:21:42 deepak, yes Jul 01 23:21:49 aritra, Jul 01 23:21:49 ok Jul 01 23:21:53 what are tty 's under /dev Jul 01 23:21:54 ok ,understood. carry on pl. Jul 01 23:22:07 Jul 01 23:22:12 kushal:please take queries at the end Jul 01 23:22:44 tty are terminal devices, and we can have many terminals in a running system Jul 01 23:23:00 deepak, today I want to take questions in between Jul 01 23:23:11 kushal:ok Jul 01 23:23:12 so many, why? Jul 01 23:23:39 aritra, you can have many terminals basically Jul 01 23:24:03 got it Jul 01 23:24:07 nex /etc Jul 01 23:24:09 next Jul 01 23:24:33 /etc folder contains all configuration files Jul 01 23:24:46 and only configuration files Jul 01 23:24:55 no binary or other files goes there Jul 01 23:25:23 and generally these files are static , no need to change unless you are changing some configuration Jul 01 23:25:40 some really interesting files are there Jul 01 23:25:58 which we will see in details later other time Jul 01 23:26:10 next is /home Jul 01 23:26:28 ! Jul 01 23:26:36 from the name you can understand it is the home directory where all users home folders generally located Jul 01 23:26:49 so if you do 'cd' and then pwd Jul 01 23:27:02 you can something like '/home/username' Jul 01 23:27:24 and if cd /home , and the ls , then you can see folders for all users Jul 01 23:27:28 ecntrk_, yes please Jul 01 23:27:53 what rc _> somefilename Jul 01 23:27:55 means? Jul 01 23:28:10 I mean.. what the operator _> means? Jul 01 23:28:14 -> Jul 01 23:28:15 ! Jul 01 23:28:20 actually.. Jul 01 23:28:55 ecntrk_, where ? Jul 01 23:28:59 rangeen, yes Jul 01 23:29:06 whan i do ls -l... Jul 01 23:29:12 ecntrk_, where ? Jul 01 23:29:12 is lost+found an user? can you explain about lost+found? Jul 01 23:29:15 some files are showing like that.. Jul 01 23:29:24 * Nandy_ (n=Nandy@59.178.191.98) has joined #dgplug Jul 01 23:29:29 ria, we will talk about it later Jul 01 23:29:30 rc -> rc.d/rc Jul 01 23:29:55 kushal, but ls after /home gives lost+found Jul 01 23:29:58 * Nandy_ (n=Nandy@59.178.191.98) has left #dgplug ("Konversation terminated!") Jul 01 23:30:36 you got me, kushalda? Jul 01 23:30:41 ecntrk_, those rc folders, which are required by the init program (which is actually 1st main process to run in your system) Jul 01 23:30:59 ecntrk_, you can read about init system Jul 01 23:31:07 No.. I know that.. but what the operator "->" means? Jul 01 23:31:09 * suse_nj (n=chatzill@59.178.191.98) has joined #dgplug Jul 01 23:31:10 Jul 01 23:31:10 ria, about that lost + found Jul 01 23:31:18 ya Jul 01 23:32:35 that is a special folder from the os, to keep some files which may get deleted in the process sometime (specially booked for the system) Jul 01 23:32:38 iirc Jul 01 23:33:00 ria, as your /home is in a different partition you can see it Jul 01 23:33:19 ria, but others are having it in their system in /home Jul 01 23:33:34 * Debashree has quit (Read error: 104 (Connection reset by peer)) Jul 01 23:33:47 next Jul 01 23:33:50 /lib Jul 01 23:34:01 ! Jul 01 23:34:04 the name suggests that this folder contains all libraries Jul 01 23:34:15 ria, yes Jul 01 23:34:39 kushal, do we need to change the access permissions to access lost + found? Jul 01 23:34:44 * Soumya_ (n=Soumya@117.192.2.185) has joined #dgplug Jul 01 23:34:50 * kushal goes to get some water Jul 01 23:35:22 lost+found can be opened as root? Jul 01 23:35:23 kushal, i mean rwx permissions? Jul 01 23:35:40 back Jul 01 23:35:48 ria, you shouldn't Jul 01 23:36:09 kushal, actually what is its use? Jul 01 23:36:12 ria, it is meant to be used by the os or root Jul 01 23:36:22 that is a special folder from the os, to keep some files which may get deleted in the process sometime (specially booked for the system) Jul 01 23:36:25 iirc Jul 01 23:36:29 * rangeen has quit (Nick collision from services.) Jul 01 23:36:30 * Debashree (n=Debashre@61.2.165.46) has joined #dgplug Jul 01 23:36:38 kushal, ok Jul 01 23:36:41 Jul 01 23:36:52 * rangeen_ is now known as rangeen Jul 01 23:37:00 so, if you do a ls inside /lib you can find different libraries Jul 01 23:37:22 * Soumya has quit (Nick collision from services.) Jul 01 23:37:26 * PraMS is now known as Pramit Jul 01 23:37:27 * Soumya_ is now known as Soumya Jul 01 23:37:28 like I am having libc-2.8.so Jul 01 23:37:56 ! Jul 01 23:38:02 there is a folder called modules under which all kernel modules being kept Jul 01 23:38:06 Pramit, yes Jul 01 23:38:14 brb Jul 01 23:38:15 Already marked back. Jul 01 23:38:16 .so mean? Jul 01 23:38:29 Pramit: shared object Jul 01 23:38:42 thanks Jul 01 23:38:43 its equialent to your DLL in windows Jul 01 23:38:53 Pramit, pjp gave link last day iirc Jul 01 23:39:05 * Debashree_ (n=Debashre@61.2.165.46) has joined #dgplug Jul 01 23:39:36 tuxmaniac, thank you :) Jul 01 23:39:41 next is /media Jul 01 23:40:06 this folder mounts all removable media, like your CDs or DVDs or USB pen drive Jul 01 23:40:35 so whenever you put a pen drive in your system, you can see it as a folder in /media Jul 01 23:41:41 next /mnt , where we mount any other filesystem , like your windows partition or a network file system Jul 01 23:42:24 ! Jul 01 23:42:42 Prakhar, yes Jul 01 23:43:06 do we have to manually mount the partitions, or they are done automatically on boot? Jul 01 23:43:19 ! Jul 01 23:43:20 * Debashree_ has quit (Client Quit) Jul 01 23:43:25 Prakhar, depends on how they are configured Jul 01 23:43:26 because, I had to do it manually. Jul 01 23:43:33 ok Jul 01 23:43:48 Prakhar, you can write them in /etc/fstab file if you know how to Jul 01 23:43:51 Pramit, Jul 01 23:43:55 in case of automount (f9) where they r mounted? Jul 01 23:44:29 Jul 01 23:44:32 Pramit, what is "r" ? Jul 01 23:44:33 * susenj has quit (Read error: 110 (Connection timed out)) Jul 01 23:44:43 Pramit, and they == ? Jul 01 23:44:49 sorry. are Jul 01 23:45:10 Pramit, like automount of your windows partition ? Jul 01 23:45:17 Pramit, in fedora , /media Jul 01 23:45:26 ! Jul 01 23:45:37 Prakhar, yes Jul 01 23:46:00 ! Jul 01 23:46:06 aritra, yes please Jul 01 23:46:22 yes, i was about to say this. /media is used for mounting partitions in fedora. then why is it told to do it explicitly in /mnt if they are not detected automatically? Jul 01 23:46:38 manually i can mount a drive in /mnt but in automount they are mounted in /media? Jul 01 23:47:04 Pramit, thanks for re-phrasing it. Jul 01 23:47:12 Prakhar, yes Jul 01 23:47:18 kushal, why are you making me arpita Jul 01 23:47:28 ? Jul 01 23:47:31 aritra, ssorry for that Jul 01 23:47:34 typo Jul 01 23:47:37 arpita, yes Jul 01 23:47:39 :) Jul 01 23:47:53 Prakhar, you can actually mount anywhere you want Jul 01 23:48:19 it doesn't make any difference? Jul 01 23:48:23 ! Jul 01 23:48:36 Prakhar, is that a sentence or a question ? Jul 01 23:48:49 question please. Jul 01 23:48:55 on doing ls inside mnt no file names are being shown Jul 01 23:49:10 aritra, yes, as by default nothing is mounted there Jul 01 23:49:27 kushal, ! Jul 01 23:49:44 Prakhar, no from users pint of view, but may be some applications depends on the standard Jul 01 23:49:49 Pramit, yes Jul 01 23:50:05 arpita, ^^ see the above Jul 01 23:50:06 i can use automounted drives in root.but can not write in user. why? Jul 01 23:50:11 ok, Jul 01 23:50:29 Pramit, do a ls -l , you should understand Jul 01 23:50:33 amrita, yes Jul 01 23:50:35 kushal, can't understand the function of mnt Jul 01 23:51:16 amrita, like you are in a lan , and some server is sharing some files using Samba or windows file sharing Jul 01 23:51:30 amrita, and you want to access them as local file or folder Jul 01 23:51:30 kushal, ls -l is showing total 0 as output Jul 01 23:51:39 * rsa_md5 (n=droopy@117.194.2.15) has left #dgplug ("Leaving") Jul 01 23:51:54 amrita, then you can mount it in /mnt Jul 01 23:52:02 arpita, yes, that is what I said above Jul 01 23:52:39 anything else ? Jul 01 23:53:21 /opt folder, where we can keep addition software , which actually comes from old UNIX days Jul 01 23:53:29 and then /root Jul 01 23:53:49 /root is the home folder of the *root* user Jul 01 23:53:51 kushal, what does thios output total 0 mean? Jul 01 23:54:11 this is different than root folder which is "/" Jul 01 23:54:26 arpita, means Zero , means No folder or file Jul 01 23:54:48 * coolpyro_rishi (n=chatzill@202.63.119.36) has joined #dgplug Jul 01 23:55:02 kushal, ! Jul 01 23:55:11 like all your user accounts have home folder in /home Jul 01 23:55:23 root account is having home folder as /root Jul 01 23:55:26 amrita, yes please Jul 01 23:55:47 kushal, additional software? give example please Jul 01 23:56:31 amrita, like software from any other software vendor, may be like apache tomcat Jul 01 23:57:28 next folder is /sbin where we keep special commands for the system admin Jul 01 23:57:44 these are only accessible for the root user Jul 01 23:58:04 it contains commands like reboot , fdisk , Jul 01 23:58:49 next is /srv Jul 01 23:59:18 this folder is used by the services specific data from the syste, Jul 01 23:59:20 system Jul 02 00:00:02 you can know more about different services in the sys admin class Jul 02 00:00:14 ! Jul 02 00:00:26 Pramit, yes Jul 02 00:00:39 what is mean by "services specific data" Jul 02 00:01:11 ? Jul 02 00:01:14 Pramit, you can only understand that if you know what is a service Jul 02 00:01:24 beyond our scope for now Jul 02 00:01:34 next is /tmp Jul 02 00:01:47 where all applications keep temporary files Jul 02 00:02:26 It is recommended that while rebooting the system all files in the /tmp should be deleted Jul 02 00:02:41 but that depends on the OS Jul 02 00:02:56 next is another very big place called /usr Jul 02 00:03:19 * amrita has quit ("Leaving") Jul 02 00:03:37 /usr is readonly data, that means no writing there Jul 02 00:03:58 it contains folders like Jul 02 00:04:10 bin -- where many common user commands can be found Jul 02 00:04:32 include -- where we can find all C include files Jul 02 00:04:59 ! Jul 02 00:05:02 lib --- which contains libraries which to be used by particular applications Jul 02 00:05:26 sbin -- non essential sys admin commands Jul 02 00:05:51 Pramit, yes Jul 02 00:05:56 readonly means readonly for root also? Jul 02 00:06:26 * suse_nj is now known as susenj Jul 02 00:06:55 Pramit, read only means, where no one should write Jul 02 00:07:16 even root should not write anything there (though root can do anything there ) Jul 02 00:08:22 not /usr/share is architecture independent data, that means data kept here does not depend on your i386 or i686 or PPC arcitecture Jul 02 00:08:35 architecture Jul 02 00:08:53 so we can find man files there in /usr/share/man Jul 02 00:09:06 and some other folders Jul 02 00:09:28 there is a folder called /usr/local Jul 02 00:09:43 which contains almost same folder structure as root Jul 02 00:09:46 "even root should not write anything there (though root can do anything there )" i can not understand this line. Jul 02 00:10:10 Pramit, root can do anything in any place in the system Jul 02 00:10:47 Pramit, in /usr root user also should not write anything unless it is installing/removing any application Jul 02 00:11:20 ok Jul 02 00:11:40 * amrita (n=amrita@117.201.96.183) has joined #dgplug Jul 02 00:12:02 so if we install a software from source generally it goes to /usr/local as it is meant to be used by the system admin Jul 02 00:12:29 next is /var which contains variable data files Jul 02 00:12:48 variables means which get changed Jul 02 00:13:22 like in /var/log folder all applications keep their log, which changes through out when the system is running Jul 02 00:13:46 /var/tmp is again another temporary folder Jul 02 00:14:20 /var/cache keeps application specific cached informations Jul 02 00:14:25 /var/cache keeps application specific cached information Jul 02 00:14:49 like for fedora systems, yum keeps its cache in /var/cache/yum Jul 02 00:15:05 ! Jul 02 00:15:20 ecntrk_, yes please Jul 02 00:15:22 is cache is related to swap memory? Jul 02 00:15:27 ecntrk_, no Jul 02 00:15:37 like not physical cache.. i guess.. Jul 02 00:15:41 * Pramit has quit ("ChatZilla 0.9.83 [Firefox 3.0/2008052906]") Jul 02 00:15:54 is it then only HD space? Jul 02 00:16:26 ecntrk_, no, cache for applications, like yum search a rpm first in cache, if found then it installs from there or else it downloads it and then install Jul 02 00:16:43 * searches Jul 02 00:17:42 no..i'm telling.. is it the hard disk space? Jul 02 00:17:49 means ? Jul 02 00:18:00 where do cache reside? Jul 02 00:18:12 ecntrk_, /var/cache is a folder in hard disk in the root partition Jul 02 00:18:22 in HD or in RAM or in real Cache? Jul 02 00:18:24 under root var, under var cache Jul 02 00:18:29 oh.. I got that.. Jul 02 00:18:38 ok Jul 02 00:18:42 questions please Jul 02 00:18:47 ! Jul 02 00:18:51 ecntrk_, please Jul 02 00:18:57 ! Jul 02 00:18:59 what about selinux... Jul 02 00:19:00 ? Jul 02 00:19:06 Jul 02 00:19:36 ecntrk_, that is not a part of the FHS yer Jul 02 00:19:41 * yet Jul 02 00:19:41 * Subhodip has quit (Read error: 104 (Connection reset by peer)) Jul 02 00:19:57 * Subhodip (n=Subhodip@125.20.11.34) has joined #dgplug Jul 02 00:20:00 ! Jul 02 00:20:01 actually I got a folder under / as selinux.. Jul 02 00:20:05 Jul 02 00:20:28 ecntrk_, yes we do have , but that is not part of the standard, please refer to the pdf in topic Jul 02 00:20:31 ria, yes Jul 02 00:20:40 kushal, are these partitions same for all distros? Jul 02 00:20:45 Jul 02 00:21:22 i guess almost simmilar if not same Jul 02 00:21:52 ria, what we discussed still now is the Filesystem Standard , so all major GNU/linux distributions follow this structure Jul 02 00:22:20 ria, to know more read the pdf and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard Jul 02 00:23:24 anymore questions / Jul 02 00:23:24 ? Jul 02 00:23:43 kushal, already read the pdf earlier Jul 02 00:23:58 ria, ok, then you are supposed know it Jul 02 00:24:18 ! Jul 02 00:24:24 Prakhar, yes Jul 02 00:24:33 what about /proc Jul 02 00:24:56 oh I missed it Jul 02 00:25:03 :) Jul 02 00:25:39 /proc is a special system all together Jul 02 00:25:46 it is a virtual system Jul 02 00:26:06 it gives runtime process informations Jul 02 00:26:07 it gives runtime process informations Jul 02 00:26:09 it gives runtime process information Jul 02 00:26:12 typo Jul 02 00:26:35 like to know your cpu do a cat /proc/cpuinfo Jul 02 00:27:09 to know about current memory status read the file /proc/meminfo Jul 02 00:27:28 ! Jul 02 00:28:04 ! Jul 02 00:28:09 Prakhar, yes Jul 02 00:28:13 so, we can say that System Monitor uses /proc ? Jul 02 00:28:23 Prakhar, correct :) Jul 02 00:28:26 cool Jul 02 00:28:30 Prakhar, even commands like free :p Jul 02 00:28:30 Jul 02 00:28:35 ok Jul 02 00:28:47 Prakhar, so that means you can write your own system monitor Jul 02 00:28:51 aritra, yes Jul 02 00:29:02 yeah, i was about to say that :) Jul 02 00:29:02 thanks Jul 02 00:29:16 oh Jul 02 00:29:20 arpita, yes please Jul 02 00:29:39 * kushal is doing real bad TAB Completions Jul 02 00:30:17 any other questions ? Jul 02 00:30:19 anyone ? Jul 02 00:30:31 none from me. Jul 02 00:30:35 ! Jul 02 00:31:10 deepak, yes Jul 02 00:31:20 kushal:please tell about colour coding of files and folders in linux Jul 02 00:31:48 deepak, still not part of FHS Jul 02 00:31:51 ! Jul 02 00:31:54 ecntrk_, yes Jul 02 00:32:03 good books on /proc Jul 02 00:32:21 ecntrk_, google :) Jul 02 00:32:27 :) Jul 02 00:32:33 kushal:do take this question at end Jul 02 00:32:43 yes.. I alws stfw.. bt. u suggest some... Jul 02 00:32:47 Jul 02 00:33:04 deepak, depends on the system or color scheme you are using , no such specific Jul 02 00:33:32 *you Jul 02 00:33:34 ecntrk_, please write in *English* Jul 02 00:33:39 sorry Jul 02 00:33:42 ecntrk_, please write in *English* Jul 02 00:33:44 kushal:from where i can change the scheme? Jul 02 00:34:04 deepak, see which ever Konsole or terminal preferences Jul 02 00:34:12 I always STFW.. but you suggest some... Jul 02 00:34:46 ecntrk_, no idea, I just google when ever I require about to any particular file under /proc Jul 02 00:34:58 ecntrk_, good things are not in book :p Jul 02 00:35:10 ok.. so getting back to STFW..:) Jul 02 00:35:14 * stephaniewhiting (n=chatzill@65.89.170.203) has joined #dgplug Jul 02 00:35:44 ecntrk_, we prefer RTFM :) Jul 02 00:35:54 ok Jul 02 00:35:57 then Jul 02 00:36:06 <-- CLASS OVER -->